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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter
bɪtəʳ ˈbɪtər
Word forms: superlative bitterest, plural bitters
1 ADJ-GRADED 激烈的;猛烈的;充满敌意的 In a bitter argument or conflict, people argue very angrily or fight very fiercely. 激烈的;猛烈的;充满敌意的
  • ...the scene of bitter fighting during the Second World War.

    第二次世界大战期间激烈的战斗场面

  • ...a bitter attack on the Government's failure to support manufacturing.

    对政府支持制造业不力的猛烈抨击

  • On the eve of the poll, campaigning was bitter.

    在投票前夕,竞选活动如火如荼。

bitterly
  • Any such thing would be bitterly opposed by most of the world's democracies.

    任何类似的事情都会遭到全世界民主国家的强烈反对。

  • ...a bitterly fought football match.

    激烈的足球赛

bitterness
  • The rift within the organization reflects the growing bitterness of the dispute.

    组织内部严重失和反映出矛盾日趋升级。

2 ADJ-GRADED 怨恨的;愤愤不平的 If someone is bitter after a disappointing experience or after being treated unfairly, they continue to feel angry about it. 怨恨的;愤愤不平的
  • She is said to be very bitter about the way she was sacked.

    据说,她对自己被以如此方式解雇而感到愤愤不平。

  • His long life was marked by bitter personal and political memories.

    他漫长的一生充满了关于个人生活和政治生涯的苦涩记忆。

SYN resentful, hurt, wounded, angry
bitterly
  • 'And he sure didn't help us,' Grant said bitterly.

    他当然没有帮助我们,格兰特愤愤不平地说。

  • ...the party bureaucrats who bitterly resented their loss of power.

    因为失去权力而满腹怨恨的党内官僚们

bitterness
  • I still feel bitterness and anger towards the person who knocked me down.

    我仍然对撞倒我的人愤恨不已。

3 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] (经历或感觉)令人非常失望的,痛苦的,辛酸的 A bitter experience makes you feel very disappointed. You can also use bitter to emphasize feelings of disappointment. (经历或感觉)令人非常失望的,痛苦的,辛酸的
  • I think the decision was a bitter blow from which he never quite recovered.

    我想这个决定对他是个沉重的打击,从此以后他一蹶不振。

  • A great deal of bitter experience had taught him how to lose gracefully.

    大量惨痛的经历让他学会了如何坦然面对失败。

  • The statement was greeted with bitter disappointment by many of the other delegates.

    这份声明使其他许多代表大失所望。

bitterly
  • I was bitterly disappointed to have lost yet another race so near the finish.

    再一次在赛跑中与胜利失之交臂让我深感失望。

4 ADJ-GRADED 寒冷的;刺骨的 Bitter weather, or a bitter wind, is extremely cold. 寒冷的;刺骨的
  • Outside, a bitter east wind was accompanied by flurries of snow.

    外面,刺骨的东风伴着阵阵小雪。

  • ...after spending a night in the bitter cold.

    在严寒中度过一夜之后

bitterly
  • It's been bitterly cold here in Moscow.

    莫斯科这里非常寒冷。

5 ADJ-GRADED (味道)苦的 A bitter taste is sharp, not sweet, and often slightly unpleasant. (味道)苦的
  • The leaves taste rather bitter.

    这些叶子味道相当苦。

  • ...as the wine ages, losing its bitter harshness, and becoming softer and smoother.

    年深日久,酒会褪去辣味,口感变得醇和起来

6 N-MASS 苦啤酒 Bitter is a kind of beer that is light brown in colour. 苦啤酒 [British]
  • ...a pint of bitter.

    一品脱苦啤酒

7 PHRASE 坚持到底;拼到底 If you say that you will continue doing something to the bitter end, especially something difficult or unpleasant, you are emphasizing that you will continue doing it until it is completely finished. 坚持到底;拼到底 [emphasis]
  • The guerrillas would fight to the bitter end, he said, in order to achieve their main goal.

    他说,游击队员会为实现主要目标而战斗到底。

8 a bitter pill→see: pill 
Trends of bitter
View usage for:All yearsLast 10 yearsLast 50 yearsLast 100 yearsLast 300 years
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter

adjective¹

1angry/unhappy生氣;不高興VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBSbe, feel, seem, sound憤憤不平;感到憤憤不平;好像憤憤不平;聽起來憤憤不平become, grow, turn變得有怨意;轉變成恨He had grown bitter as the years passed.隨着歲月的流逝他變得怨氣重重。Loving relationships can turn bitter.愛能轉化為恨。remain仍然有怨意leave sb, make sb使某人怨氣沖天The divorce had left her bitter.離婚讓她心懷怨恨。ADVERBextremely, fairly, very, etc.極度/相當/非常痛苦slightly有點兒痛苦increasingly越來越鬱悶PREPOSITIONabout對⋯感到不滿She still seems bitter about it.她對那件事好像仍然有些不滿。towards/toward對⋯不滿I felt very bitter towards / toward them.我對他們極為不滿。
bitter

adjective²

2very cold寒冷VERBS | ADVERB VERBSbe冷得刺骨become, turn變寒冷The weather turned bitter.天氣轉冷。remain仍然很冷ADVERBextremely, fairly, very, etc.極其/相當/非常寒冷
bitter

adjective³

3having a sharp taste味苦VERBS | ADVERB VERBSbe, taste苦;嚐起來苦The drink tasted bitter.這飲料喝起來有苦味。ADVERBextremely, fairly, very, etc.極其苦;相當苦;非常苦a little, slightly, etc.有點兒/稍有些苦
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter adj.
bitter1 (a bitter taste) bitter2 (bitter feelings) freezing (a bitter wind)
bitter1

adjective

a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ pungent ♦︎ sour ♦︎ acrid ♦︎ sharp ♦︎ acidThese words all describe a strong, unpleasant taste or smell. 这些词均表示味道或气味强烈的、令人不适的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp / an acid taste / flavoura bitter / a pungent / a sour / an acrid / a sharp / an acid smell / odoura bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp scenta bitter / a sour / a sharp / an acid fruita pungent / sharp cheesepungent / acrid smoketo taste bitter / sour / sharpto smell bitter / sharp bitter (of a taste or smell) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or drink) having a bitter taste (味道或气味)强烈而令人不适的;(食物或饮料)味苦的bitter coffee / chocolate苦咖啡;苦巧克力The drink tasted bitter.这种饮料味苦。This plant is ignored by livestock because of the bitter taste.因为味苦,家畜不吃这种植物。 pungent ˈpʌndʒənt (of a smell or taste) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or smoke) having a pungent smell or taste (气味或味道)强烈而令人不适的;(食物)刺激性的,辛辣的;(烟)呛人的,刺鼻的the pungent smell of burning rubber烧橡胶的刺鼻气味The air was pungent with the smell of spices.空气里充满了各种香料的刺激性气味。 sour (of a taste) bitter like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having a sour taste (味道)酸的;(食物或饮料)有酸味的Too much pulp produces a sour wine.过多的果肉会让酒变酸。 OPP sweet Sweet food contains sugar or tastes of sugar. * sweet指食物含糖的、甜的I need a cup of hot sweet tea.我需要一杯加糖的热茶。This wine is too sweet for me.这种葡萄酒对我来说太甜了。 see also sour rotten acrid ˈækrɪd (of a smell or taste) strong and unpleasant; (of smoke) having an acrid smell (气味或味道)刺激的,难闻的;(烟)呛人的,刺鼻的The fog was yellow and acrid and bit at the back of the throat.雾的颜色发黄,气味呛人,直刺喉根。 sharp (of a taste or smell) strong and slightly bitter; (of food or drink) having a sharp taste (味道或气味)强烈而略苦的,刺鼻的;(食物或饮料)味苦的,辛辣的The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.这奶酪味道很冲。 acid (of a taste or smell) bitter, like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having an acid taste (味道)酸的;(气味)有刺激性的;(食物或饮料)有酸味的It's a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour.这种水果多汁,味道略酸。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Bitter, sour, sharp and acid are all used more for tastes. Pungent and acrid are used more for smells. A bitter taste is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the bitter flavour of coffee or chocolate. You cannot use any other word to describe this flavour. * bitter、sour、sharp和acid多用以形容味道。pungent和acrid多用以形容气味。bitter表示味苦,通常令人不适,有些人却喜欢咖啡或巧克力的苦味,其他词都不能描述这种味道pungent/sour/acrid/sharp/acid coffee/chocolate Sour and acid both describe the taste of a lemon or fruit that is not ripe. Sour is usually a negative term; acid can be negative or simply descriptive. A sharp or pungent flavour is more strong than unpleasant, especially when describing cheese. * sour和acid均指柠檬或未成熟水果的那种酸味。sour通常作贬义;acid既可作贬义,也可作客观描述。sharp或pungent主要强调味道强烈,而非令人不适,在描述奶酪的味道时尤其如此bitter/sour/acrid/acid cheese A pungent smell is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the pungent smell of rich, spicy food. An acrid smell is always unpleasant; acrid is not used for the smell of food. * pungent指气味有刺激性,通常令人不适,但有些人却喜欢油腻、调料重的食物的浓烈气味。acrid指气味刺激难闻,总是令人不适;acrid不用于形容食物的气味。 bitter2

adjective

a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ sour ♦︎ resentful ♦︎ acrimonious ♦︎ embitteredThese words all describe people feeling angry and unhappy after a bad experience. 这些词均表示因糟糕的经历而感到愤愤不平、闷闷不乐。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配bitter / resentful about sthbitter / resentful towards sba bitter / a sour / an embittered mana sour / resentful expressiona bitter / an acrimonious debate / dispute / divorce bitter (of people) feeling very angry and unhappy because you feel that you have been treated unfairly; (of situations) full of angry feelings and words (人)愤愤不平的;(状况)怨声载道的He is very bitter about losing his job.他丢了工作,心里很不服气。She bit her lip hard to stop the rush of bitter words.她使劲咬着嘴唇,把到嘴边的刻薄话咽回去了。They are locked in a bitter custody battle over their three children.他们为三个孩子的监护权陷入了一场激烈的争夺之中。 see also bitterness resentment bitterly

adverb

They complained bitterly.他们气愤地抱怨。
sour feeling or expressing bitterness or disappointment 阴郁的;闷闷不乐的;沮丧的She was a sour and disillusioned old woman.她是一个心灰意冷、幻想破灭的老女人。The meeting ended on a sour note with several people walking out.数人退场,会议不欢而散。As time went by the marriage turned sour.时日推移,这桩婚姻逐渐产生问题。 Sour is not usually followed by a preposition. * sour后通常不接介词She was sour about it. see also sour influence verb sourly

adverb

'Who asked you?' he said sourly.“谁问你了?”他没好气地说。
resentful rɪˈzentfl (especially written) feeling bitter or angry about sth that you think is unfair 感到气愤的;憎恨的;愤慨的She was resentful at having been left out of the team.她对于被摈出团队感到气愤。They seemed to be resentful of our presence there.他们好像对我们出现在那里很生气。 see also resent resent , resentment resentment resentfully

adverb

He looked at me resentfully.他满怀怨恨地看着我。
NOTE 辨析 Bitter, sour or resentful? Bitter feelings are the strongest and most openly expressed. * bitter所表达的感情最强烈、最公开feeling extremely / intensely / very bitter感到极其/非常/十分痛苦a bitter laugh / smile苦笑If you feel sour or resentful it may be less obvious. * sour或resentful所表达的感情也许没那么明显vaguely / silently resentful略感气愤;生闷气resentful eyes满含怨愤的眼神a sour face阴郁的脸色 Sour especially describes relationships which may go/turn sour. * go/turn sour尤指关系变坏、恶化。
acrimonious ˌækrɪˈməʊniəs; NAmE ˌækrɪˈmoʊniəs (rather formal) (of a situation) angry and full of strong bitter feelings and words (状况)怨声载道的,恶言相向的His parents went through an acrimonious divorce.他的父母在激烈争吵中离了婚。 see also acrimony resentment acrimoniously

adverb

The relationship ended acrimoniously.这段关系在怨愤中结束了。
embittered (rather formal, especially written) feeling angry and unhappy about sth over a long period of time (长期)怨愤的,沮丧的,苦恼的He died an embittered man.他含怨而终。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter
Feeling angry or annoyed: angry, annoyed, upset...
Feeling disappointed: disappointed, disillusioned, dismayed...
General words used to describe emotions: acutely, affective, basic...
Enemies and describing enemies: enemy, opponent, adversary...
Making you feel sad or upset: sad, unhappy, depressing...
Cold: cold, cool, icy...
Sadness and unhappiness: sadness, depression, grief...

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