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IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy
bjʊrɒkrəsi bjʊˈrɑkrəsi bjuˈrɑkrəsi
Word forms: plural bureaucracies
1 N-COUNT [usually plural] 官僚制度 A bureaucracy is an administrative system operated by a large number of officials. 官僚制度
  • State bureaucracies can tend to stifle enterprise and initiative.

    国家的官僚体制往往会扼杀人们的事业心和积极性。

SYN government, officials, authorities, administration
2 N-UNCOUNT 官僚作风;官僚主义 Bureaucracy refers to all the rules and procedures followed by government departments and similar organizations, especially when you think that these are complicated and cause long delays. 官僚作风;官僚主义 [disapproval]
  • People usually complain about having to deal with too much bureaucracy.

    人们经常抱怨不得不应付太多的繁文缛节。

SYN red tape, regulations, paperwork, officialdom
Trends of bureaucracy
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IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy

noun¹

1administrative system行政系統ADJECTIVEhuge, large, massive, vast龐大的行政體系bloated臃腫的行政體系federal, government, state聯邦/政府/國家行政機構
bureaucracy

noun²

2official rules and procedures規章手續ADJECTIVE | VERB + BUREAUCRACY ADJECTIVEcumbersome, excessive, unnecessary繁瑣多餘的手續;繁文縟節administrative, corporate行政的/公司的規章手續VERB + BUREAUCRACYcut, eliminate, reduce消除官僚主義;減少官僚程序The organization has promised to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.該組織已承諾消除不必要的規章制度。create, increase使規章手續更繁瑣
IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy noun
bureaucracy (unnecessary bureaucracy) authorities (the state bureaucracy)
bureaucracy

noun

bureaucracy ♦︎ paperwork ♦︎ red tape ♦︎ rules and regulationsThese are all words for official rules or ways of doing things, such as filling in forms, especially when these seem too complicated and waste time. 这些词均表示官僚作风、繁文缛节。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配unnecessary / too much / endless bureaucracy / paperwork / red tapegovernment bureaucracy / red tape / rules and regulationsto involve bureaucracy / paperwork / red tapeto reduce / cut bureaucracy / paperwork / red tapeto deal with bureaucracy / paperwork bureaucracy bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmE bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi [uncountable] (often disapproving) official rules and ways of doing things, created by a government or organization, especially when these seem too complicated 官僚主义;官僚作风She is initiating a project to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.她正发起一项计划,清除不必要的官僚作风。 see also bureaucracy authorities , bureaucrat official noun paperwork ˈpeɪpəwɜːk; NAmE ˈpeɪpərwɜːrk [uncountable] the written work that is part of a job or is necessary to do sth, such as filling in forms or writing letters and reports 文书工作She spent the day catching up on the vast mound of paperwork that had built up.她花了一天的时间补做积攒下来的一大堆文案工作。Paperwork is not always as disapproving as bureaucracy or red tape. It often refers to written work which people accept as necessary, even if they do not like dealing with it and would rather spend their time doing other things. It can also refer to the documents that you need for sth. * paperwork并非总像bureaucracy或red tape那样带贬义,常指人们视之为必要的文书工作,即便他们不愿处理而宁愿去做其他事情。paperwork还可指做某事所需的文件。 see also paperwork document ˌred ˈtape [uncountable] (disapproving, journalism 新闻) official rules that seem too complicated and prevent things from being done quickly 繁文缛节;官僚作风Plans may take longer and involve more red tape than you expect.计划实施起来也许比预料中花更长时间,手续更繁杂。 ˌrules and reguˈlations

phrase

official rules and ways in which things should be done 规章制度They seem to be more concerned with enforcing petty rules and regulations than really improving employee safety.他们似乎更关心执行琐碎的规章制度,而不是真正改善雇员的安全状况。
IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy
Systems and methods for doing things: modality, method, system...
Groups of government officials: apparatus, assembly, bureaucracy...

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