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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627
rough
rʌf rʌf
Word forms: comparative rougher, superlative roughest, 3rd person singular present tense roughs, present participle roughing, past tense , past participle roughed
1 ADJ-GRADED (表面)粗糙不平的，不光滑的 If a surface is rough, it is uneven and not smooth. (表面)粗糙不平的，不光滑的

  • His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice.

    由于多年练习空手道，他的双手粗糙不平，布满老茧。

  • Grace made her way slowly across the rough ground.

    格雷斯缓慢地走过高低不平的地面。

SYN uneven, broken, rocky, rugged
roughness

  • She rested her cheek against the roughness of his jacket.

    她把脸颊靠在他粗糙的夹克上。

2 ADJ-GRADED (人或行为)粗暴的，粗野的，粗鲁的 You say that people or their actions are rough when they use too much force and not enough care or gentleness. (人或行为)粗暴的，粗野的，粗鲁的

  • Rugby's a rough game at the best of times.

    即使是在比赛最不激烈的时候，橄榄球也是一种粗野的运动。

  • They have complained of discrimination and occasional rough treatment.

    他们抗议遭受歧视，而且偶尔还会遭到粗暴的对待。

SYN boisterous, hard, tough, aggressive
roughly

  • A hand roughly pushed him aside.

    一只手粗鲁地把他推到了一边。

roughness

  • He regretted his roughness.

    他对自己的粗鲁感到后悔。

3 ADJ-GRADED (地区、城市、学校等)危险的，充斥暴力的，犯罪率高的 A rough area, city, school, or other place is unpleasant and dangerous because there is a lot of violence or crime there. (地区、城市、学校等)危险的，充斥暴力的，犯罪率高的

  • It was quite a rough part of our town.

    这是我们城里犯罪率很高的地区。

4 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] (日子)艰难的，困难的，不愉快的 If you say that someone has had a rough time, you mean that they have had some difficult or unpleasant experiences. (日子)艰难的，困难的，不愉快的

  • All women have a rough time in our society.

    在我们的社会中，所有女性的日子都不好过。

  • Tomorrow, he knew, would be a rough day.

    他知道明天将会是艰难的一天。

SYN unpleasant, hard, difficult, tough
5 ADJ-GRADED [verb-link ADJ] 身体不适的;不舒服的 If you feel rough, you feel ill. 身体不适的;不舒服的 [British, informal]

  • The virus won't go away and the lad is still feeling a bit rough.

    病毒无法清除，这个小伙子仍然觉得有点不舒服。

SYN unwell, poorly [informal] , ill, upset
6 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] (计算、猜测)大概的，粗略的，不精确的 A rough calculation or guess is approximately correct, but not exact. (计算、猜测)大概的，粗略的，不精确的

  • We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required.

    我们只能对所需燃料作一个粗略的估计。

  • As a rough guide, a horse needs 2.5 per cent of his body weight in food every day.

    作为一个大致的参照，一匹马每天需要吃相当于其体重2.5％的食物。

SYN approximate, estimated, vague, ballpark
roughly

  • Gambling and tourism pay roughly half the entire state budget.

    博彩业和旅游业支撑着整个国家约一半的财政预算。

  • The Ukraine is roughly equal to France in size and population.

    乌克兰的面积和人口与法国大致相当。

  • ...a period of very roughly 30 million years.

    非常粗略地算作3,000万年的一段时间

7 ADJ-GRADED (想法、描述)粗略的，简略的，大致的;(图画)简笔的 If you give someone a rough idea, description, or drawing of something, you indicate only the most important features, without much detail. (想法、描述)粗略的，简略的，大致的;(图画)简笔的

  • I've got a rough idea of what he looks like.

    我已经大致知道他长什么样子了。

  • It often helps to make a rough sketch showing where the vehicles were.

    画一个简略的草图标示车辆当时所在的位置往往很有用。

SYN vague, general, sketchy, imprecise
roughly

  • He knew roughly what was about to be said.

    他大概知道要说些什么。

  • Roughly speaking, a scientific humanist is somebody who believes in science and in humanity but not in God.

    简单来讲，科学人道主义者是相信科学和人道主义而不相信上帝的人。

8 ADJ-GRADED 做工粗糙的;不精致的;简陋的 You can say that something is rough when it is not neat and well made. 做工粗糙的;不精致的;简陋的

  • ...a rough wooden table.

    做工粗糙的木桌子

  • ...chairs set in a rough circle in the middle of the room.

    房间中央大致围成一圈的椅子

SYN rough-hewn, crude, uncut, unpolished
roughly

  • Roughly chop the tomatoes and add them to the casserole.

    把西红柿大致切一切，然后放到炖锅里。

  • ...houses, roughly painted white or blue.

    简单刷成白色或蓝色的房子

9 ADJ-GRADED (天气)恶劣的，狂风暴雨的;(海面)波浪滔天的 If the sea or the weather at sea is rough, the weather is windy or stormy and there are very big waves. (天气)恶劣的，狂风暴雨的;(海面)波浪滔天的

  • A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.

    一艘捕鱼船和一艘货船在波涛汹涌的海上相撞了。

10 ADV [ADVERB after verb] 风餐露宿地;无家可归地;流浪地 When people sleep or live rough, they sleep out of doors, usually because they have no home. 风餐露宿地;无家可归地;流浪地 [British]

  • It makes me so sad when I see young people begging or sleeping rough on the streets.

    我看到年轻人沿街乞讨、露宿街头，心里会非常难过。

11 VERB 过（从前没有过的）艰苦的生活 If you have to rough it, you have to live without the possessions and comforts that you normally have. 过（从前没有过的）艰苦的生活

  • You won't be roughing it; each room comes equipped with a telephone and a 3-channel radio. [VERB it]

    你不会过得太艰苦;每个房间都配备了一部电话和一台可以接收3个频道的收音机。

12 rough justice→see: justice 
Phrasal verbs:
rough out rough up
Thesaurus
Thesaurusrough Also look up:
ADJ.

coarse, harsh; (ant.) smooth 1

approximate, estimated, vague; (ant.) exact 6 7

Trends of rough
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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627
rough adj.
⇨ rough 1 (rough ground/edges) ⇨ rough 2 (rough seas/weather) ⇨ coarse (rough skin) ⇨ difficult 2 (Life is rough.) ⇨ hoarse (a rough voice) ⇨ vague (a rough estimate/sketch) ⇨ violent (rough kids/treatment)rough2

adjective

 rough ground/edges 高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘rough seas/weather 波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气  ➡ See also the entry for wet 2 另见wet条第2义rough ♦︎ violent ♦︎ stormy ♦︎ turbulent ♦︎ raging ♦︎ choppyThese words all describe weather or the sea when there is a strong wind or large waves. 这些词均表示风浪很大的、波涛汹涌的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达风浪大的程度
choppy➔rough➔violent
stormyraging
turbulent
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / raging / choppy sea◆rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / choppy conditions◆rough / stormy / turbulent / choppy waters◆rough / turbulent / choppy water◆rough / violent / stormy weather■ rough (of the sea) having large and dangerous waves; (of the weather, especially at sea) with strong winds and rain （海）波涛汹涌的；（天气，尤指海上天气）风浪很大的◆It was too rough to sail that night.那天夜里风浪太大，无法行船。◆There's no way he could have swum ashore in such rough weather.他在这样恶劣的天气无法游上岸。 OPP calm ⇨ quiet 1 ■ violent (of the weather or the sea) very dangerous, with very strong winds and/or very large waves （天气或海）非常危险的，狂风大作的，波涛汹涌的◆The islands were hit by a violent cyclone.这些岛屿受到猛烈的旋风袭击。◆Members of the lifeboat crew were presented with bravery awards for launching in violent seas.为表彰救生艇船员冒着惊涛骇浪出航救人，向他们颁发了英勇奖。■ stormy with strong winds and heavy rain or snow 有暴风雨（或暴风雪）的◆She visited me one dark and stormy night in November.在11月里一个漆黑的暴风雨之夜，她来看我。■ turbulent ˈtɜːbjələnt; NAmE ˈtɜːrbjələnt [usually before noun](of air or water) changing direction suddenly and violently （气流或水流）汹涌的，猛烈的，湍动的◆The aircraft is designed to withstand turbulent conditions.这架飞机是为经受猛烈的气流而设计的。■ raging ˈreɪdʒɪŋ [only before noun](of natural forces such as wind, water and fire) very powerful （风、水、火等自然力）极其强大的，猛烈的◆The stream had become a raging torrent.小河变成了一条汹涌的急流。◆The building was now a raging inferno (= the fire was out of control).这座大楼现在正烈焰熊熊。■ choppy (of the sea or water) with a lot of small waves （海面或水面）波浪起伏的，不平静的◆The choppy waters caused some of the boats to capsize.波浪起伏的水面造成一些船只倾覆。rough1

adjective

 rough ground/edges 高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘rough seas/weather 波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气rough ♦︎ rocky ♦︎ rugged ♦︎ uneven ♦︎ bumpy ♦︎ lumpy ♦︎ ruttedThese words all describe a surface or edge that is not level, smooth or flat. 这些词均表示表面或边缘粗糙的、不平滑的、不平坦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a rough / a rocky / an uneven / a bumpy surface◆a rough / an uneven / a bumpy / a rutted road◆rough / rocky / uneven / bumpy ground / terrain◆a rough / bumpy / rutted lane / track◆a rocky / rugged landscape / hill / mountain / peak / cliff / coast / coastline■ rough having a surface or edge that is not even or regular 粗糙的；不平滑的；高低不平的◆The car is designed for travelling over rough ground.这款车是专为在崎岖地面上行驶而设计的。◆Trim any rough edges with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀将参差不齐的边切齐。 OPP smooth ⇨ flat adj. ■ rocky made of rock; full of rocks 岩石的；多岩石的◆This plant grows in rocky soil on exposed hillsides.这种植物生长在无遮蔽山坡上多石的土壤中。■ rugged ˈrʌgɪd (of landscape) not level or smooth and having rocks rather than plants or trees, especially in a way that is beautiful or romantic （地形）崎岖的，凹凸不平的，多岩石的（尤指使人感觉美丽或浪漫）◆They admired the rugged beauty of the coastline.他们对海岸线上岩石密布的美景赞叹不已。■ uneven ʌnˈiːvn (of a surface) not level, smooth or flat （表面）凹凸不平的，不光滑的，不平坦的◆She picked her way along the uneven path.她小心翼翼地走在不平整的小路上。◆The floor felt uneven under his feet.他觉得脚下的地板高低不平。■ bumpy (of a surface) not even; with a lot of bumps （平面）不平的；多凸块的◆She felt quite sick from the long drive over the bumpy road.在颠簸的路上长时间行驶让她感到很不舒服。ⓘ Bumpy is used especially to describe a piece of ground that you drive or cycle over. * bumpy尤用于修饰驾车或骑车经过的地面。■ lumpy full of lumps; covered in lumps 多块状物的；为块状物覆盖的◆I lay sleepless on my lumpy mattress.躺在凸凹不平的床垫上我睡不着觉。ⓘ Lumpy is most frequently used to talk about mattresses (= that you lie on) and pillows (= that you rest your head on). * lumpy最常用于修饰床垫和枕头。■ rutted (of a road or path) with deep tracks that have been made by wheels （道路或小径）有车辙的◆The track was heavily rutted from the wheels of farm tractors.农用拖拉机的轮子在这条小路上碾出深深的车辙。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627

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