...studies of primitive societies.

对原始社会的研究

...primitive tribes.

原始部落

...primitive whales.

原始鲸

Primitive humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals.

原始人必须要能作出这样的反应以逃避危险的动物。

It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.

逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。

The conditions are primitive by any standards.

无论用什么标准来衡量，其条件都很简陋。

The primitive surgery of those days left him virtually deaf in one ear.

那时候简陋的外科手术让他一只耳朵几乎失聪。

It's using some rather primitive technology.

它使用的是非常古老的技术。