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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2160 COCA: 1012
tough
tʌf tʌf
Word forms: comparative tougher, superlative toughest, plural , 3rd person singular present tense , plural toughs, present participle toughing, past tense , past participle toughed
1 ADJ-GRADED 坚强的;吃苦耐劳的;坚韧不拔的 A tough person is strong and determined, and can tolerate difficulty or suffering. 坚强的;吃苦耐劳的;坚韧不拔的

  • He built up a reputation as a tough businessman.

    他树立了铁面生意人的名声。

  • She is tough and ambitious.

    她坚韧顽强，满怀抱负。

SYN strong, determined, aggressive, high-powered
toughness

  • Mrs Potter has won a reputation for toughness and determination on her way to the top.

    波特夫人在奋斗到上层的过程中赢得了坚韧和果敢的声誉。

2 ADJ-GRADED 粗野的;粗暴的 If you describe someone as tough, you mean that they are rough and violent. 粗野的;粗暴的

  • He had shot three people dead earning himself a reputation as a tough guy.

    他因枪杀三人得到了暴徒的恶名。

SYN violent, rough, vicious, ruthless
A tough is a tough person.粗暴的人;暴徒;恶棍

  • Three burly toughs elbowed their way to the front.

    三个膀粗腰圆的恶汉挤到了前面。

3 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] 治安很差的；充满犯罪与暴力的 A tough place or area is considered to have a lot of crime and violence. 治安很差的；充满犯罪与暴力的

  • She doesn't seem cut out for this tough neighbourhood.

    她似乎不适合在这个治安恶劣的社区生活。

  • Arthur grew up in a tough city.

    阿瑟在一个到处是暴力与犯罪的城市长大。

SYN rough, wild, criminal, violent
4 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] 艰难的;困苦的;难熬的 A tough way of life or period of time is difficult or full of suffering. 艰难的;困苦的;难熬的

  • She had a pretty tough childhood…

    她的童年非常不幸。

  • It's been a tough day…

    这是难熬的一天。

  • He was having a really tough time at work.

    他当时工作上困难重重。

SYN harsh, hard, awful, grim
5 ADJ-GRADED [ADJ to-infinitive] 棘手的;难办的;难解决的 A tough task or problem is difficult to do or solve. 棘手的;难办的;难解决的

  • It was a very tough decision but we feel we made the right one.

    这是个困难的决定，但是我们认为我们做出了正确的选择。

  • Whoever wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back on its feet…

    不管是谁赢得选举都将面对复苏经济的棘手任务。

  • It may be tough to raise cash…

    筹措现金可能不好办。

  • Change is often tough to deal with.

    变化总是很难应对。

SYN difficult, hard, puzzling, baffling
6 ADJ-GRADED (政策或行动)强硬的，严厉的 Tough policies or actions are strict and firm. (政策或行动)强硬的，严厉的

  • He is known for taking a tough line on security.

    他因在安全问题上采取强硬路线而闻名。

  • He announced tough measures to limit the money supply.

    他公布了限制货币供应的严厉措施。

SYN strict, severe, stern, hard
7 ADJ-GRADED 坚固的;坚韧的;牢固的 A tough substance is strong, and difficult to break, cut, or tear. 坚固的;坚韧的;牢固的

  • In industry, diamond can form a tough, non-corrosive coating for tools.

    在工业上，金刚石可以用作工具表面坚固、耐腐蚀的覆盖层。

  • …dark brown beans with a rather tough outer skin.

    有着相当坚韧外壳的深棕色豆类

8 ADJ-GRADED (肉)非常老的，切不下的，嚼不动的 Tough meat is difficult to cut and chew. (肉)非常老的，切不下的，嚼不动的

  • The steak was tough and the peas were like bullets.

    牛排老得嚼不动，豌豆像子弹一样硬。

SYN chewy, fibrous, leathery, stringy
9 PHRASE 不泄气;坚持不懈 If someone who is trying to achieve something hangs tough, they remain determined and do not give up, even when there are difficulties or problems. 不泄气;坚持不懈 [US, informal]

  • The White House is hanging tough for a good agreement to be reached.

    白宫为达成一项有利协议寸步不让。

10 a tough row to hoe→see: hoe  a tough nut→see: nut 
Phrasal verbs:
tough out
Word Partnership
Word PartnershipUse tough with:
N.

tough guy 2

tough conditions, tough going, tough luck, tough situation, tough time 4

tough choices, tough competition, tough decision, tough fight, tough job, tough question, tough sell 5

tough laws, tough policy, tough talk 6

VERB.

get tough 2 4

make the tough decisions 5

talk tough 6

Trends of tough
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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2160 COCA: 1012
tough

adjective¹

 1difficult/unpleasant費力；不愉快VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, seem困難；好像困難▸➤get變得困難➤remain仍然困難➤find sth發現⋯不好弄◇He may find it tough to pursue his plans.他可能會發現很難繼續他的計劃。➤make sth使⋯不易（做到）◇The strong dollar has made it tough for small businesses.強勢美元使小企業的日子不好過。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常困難▸➤particularly, really特別／確實艱難◇Things were really tough at first.起初事情確實有點兒棘手。➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／略有些難處PREPOSITION➤on對⋯是困難的◇It's very tough on the wives when the husbands leave.丈夫離去會使妻子處境艱難。
tough

adjective²

 2strict/firm嚴厲VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be嚴格▸➤become, get變得強硬ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常強硬▸➤particularly特別強硬▸➤enough足夠嚴厲◇Has the government been tough enough on polluters?政府對造成污染者的態度夠強硬嗎？PREPOSITION➤on在⋯上嚴格◇The government has promised to get tough on crime.政府承諾對犯罪行為採取嚴厲措施。➤with對⋯嚴厲◇You have to be tough with these young thugs.對這些年紀輕輕的暴徒態度一定要強硬。
tough

adjective³

 3strong強壯VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤appear, be, feel, look, seem, stand (informal) 顯得結實；結實；覺得結實；看上去結實；似乎結實；保持強健▸➤become, get, grow變得結實▸➤act, play, talk (all informal) 行為強硬；說話強硬◇Then this guy started acting tough.然後這個人的行為開始強硬了。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常強硬▸➤incredibly, really, remarkably難以置信地強壯；非常強健▸➤enough足夠強健◇Are you sure you're physically tough enough for this job?你確信你有足夠的體力勝任這份工作嗎？➤mentally, physically堅韌不拔；體格強健
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2160 COCA: 1012
tough adj.
⇨ difficult 2 (a tough childhood) ⇨ strict (get tough on crime)
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2160 COCA: 1012
tough
Difficult to do and involving a lot of effort: difficult, hard, tough...
Physically strong: strong, powerful, athletic...
Determined and ambitious: determined, ambitious, persistent...
Confident and proud: confident, proud, easy...
Strict and severe: strict, severe, stern...
Serious, severe and extreme: serious, severe, extreme...
Words used to describe meat: boneless, bony, flyblown...
Words used to describe the state or consistency of food: buttery, calorific, caramelised...
Strong and not easy to damage or break: strong, irresistible, sturdy...
Involving violence and bloodshed: violent, ferocious, bloodthirsty...
To try to deal with a problem or difficulty: deal with, tackle, combat...
Miscellaneous criminals: abductor, abettor, accessory...
Ways of expressing lack of sympathy: bad/hard/tough luck, too bad, my heart bleeds (for someone)...

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