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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard
hɑːʳd hɑrd
Word forms: comparative harder, superlative hardest
1 ADJ-GRADED 硬的;坚硬的;坚固的 Something that is hard is very firm and stiff to touch and is not easily bent, cut, or broken. 硬的;坚硬的;坚固的
  • He shuffled his feet on the hard wooden floor.

    他拖着脚在硬木地板上走动。

  • Something cold and hard pressed into the back of his neck.

    一个冰冷梆硬的东西顶在了他的脖梗儿上。

hardness
  • He felt the hardness of the iron railing press against his spine.

    他感觉到硬邦邦的铁栏杆顶着自己的脊梁。

2 ADJ-GRADED [ADJ to-infinitive] 难做的;困难的 Something that is hard is very difficult to do or deal with. 难做的;困难的
  • It's hard to tell what effect this latest move will have.

    很难说最近这次行动会有什么结果。

  • She found it hard to accept some of the criticisms directed towards her and her work.

    她发现某些针对自己和自己工作的批评意见很难接受。

  • Our traveller's behaviour on the journey is hard to explain.

    我们的旅客一路上的行为让人很难解释。

  • That's a very hard question.

    那是个很难的问题。

3 ADV-GRADED [ADVERB after verb] 努力地;使劲地 If you work hard doing something, you are very active or work intensely, with a lot of effort. 努力地;使劲地
  • I'll work hard. I don't want to let him down.

    我会努力工作,我不想让他失望。

  • Am I trying too hard?

    我是不是努力过头了?

SYN strenuously, steadily, persistently, earnestly
Hard is also an adjective.
  • I admired him as a true scientist and hard worker.

    我钦佩他是个真正的科学家和勤奋工作的人。

4 ADJ-GRADED 累人的;费力的;费劲的 Hard work involves a lot of activity and effort. 累人的;费力的;费劲的
  • Coping with three babies is very hard work.

    照顾3个宝宝是非常累人的活儿。

  • ...a hard day's work.

    一天的辛苦工作

  • Their work is hard and unglamorous, and most people would find it boring.

    他们的工作又累又平淡,多数人会认为很乏味。

SYN exhausting, tough, exacting, formidable
5 ADV-GRADED [ADVERB after verb] 仔细地;认真地 If you look, listen, or think hard, you do it carefully and with a great deal of attention. 仔细地;认真地
  • He looked at me hard.

    他使劲盯着我看。

  • You had to listen hard to hear the old man breathe.

    你要仔细听才能听见老人的呼吸声。

  • People are having to think hard about their holiday plans.

    人们现在得仔细地琢磨自己的度假计划。

SYN intently, closely, carefully, sharply
Hard is also an adjective.
  • It might be worth taking a long hard look at your frustrations and resentments.

    认真仔细地审视一下自己的失落和不满情绪可能很有必要。

6 ADV-GRADED [ADVERB after verb] 猛力地;用力地 If you strike or take hold of something hard, you strike or take hold of it with a lot of force. 猛力地;用力地
  • I kicked a dustbin very hard and broke my toe.

    我狠狠地踢了一脚垃圾箱,结果脚趾骨折了。

SYN forcefully, strongly, heavily, sharply
Hard is also an adjective.
  • He gave her a hard push which toppled her backwards into an armchair.

    他用力推了她一下,她就向后跌坐在一把扶手椅里。

7 ADV-GRADED [ADVERB after verb] 强烈地;猛烈的;长时间地 You can use hard to indicate that something happens intensely and for a long time. 强烈地;猛烈的;长时间地
  • I've never seen Terry laugh so hard.

    我从未见过特里如此放声大笑。

  • It was snowing hard by then.

    当时雪下得很大。

8 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] 冷酷无情的;心肠硬的 If a person or their expression is hard, they show no kindness or sympathy. 冷酷无情的;心肠硬的
  • His father was a hard man.

    他的父亲是个冷酷无情的人。

  • Kate realized that the previous hard look on Maggie's face had been a mask.

    凯特意识到玛吉原先的那副冷酷表情其实是装出来的。

9 ADJ-GRADED 苛刻的;严厉的;不友善的 If you are hard on someone, you treat them severely or unkindly. 苛刻的;严厉的;不友善的
  • Don't be so hard on him. [+ on]

    别对他太苛刻了。

Hard is also an adverb.
  • He said the security forces would continue to crack down hard on the protestors.

    他说安全部队会继续严厉镇压抗议者。

10 ADJ-GRADED 有害的;不利的 If you say that something is hard on a person or thing, you mean it affects them in a way that is likely to cause them damage or suffering. 有害的;不利的
  • The grey light was hard on the eyes. [+ on]

    光线暗淡对眼睛不利。

  • These last four years have been hard on them. [+ on]

    过去的这四年里他们吃了不少苦。

11 ADJ-GRADED (生活、一段日子)艰难的,艰苦的 If you have a hard life or a hard period of time, your life or that period is difficult and unpleasant for you. (生活、一段日子)艰难的,艰苦的
  • It had been a hard life for her.

    对她而言,那是一段非常艰苦的生活。

  • Those were hard times.

    那些岁月是非常艰难的。

hardness
  • In America, people don't normally admit to the hardness of life.

    在美国,人们通常不承认生活过得艰苦。

12 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] 非常寒冷的;凛冽的 A hard winter or a hard frost is a very cold one. 非常寒冷的;凛冽的
  • ...a prolonged period of hard frost.

    漫长的强霜冻期

  • I am expecting a long, hard winter.

    我估计冬天会漫长而寒冷。

13 ADJ-GRADED [usually ADJ n] (颜色)刺目的,晃眼的;(声音)刺耳的,难听的 Hard colours or sounds are harsh or bright and unpleasant to see or hear. (颜色)刺目的,晃眼的;(声音)刺耳的,难听的
  • The sea was a hard blue.

    大海呈一片耀眼的蓝色。

14 ADJ [ADJ n] (证据、资料)可靠的,确凿的 Hard evidence or facts are definitely true and do not need to be questioned. (证据、资料)可靠的,确凿的
  • He wanted more hard evidence.

    他想要更多确凿的证据。

  • There are probably fewer hard facts about the life of Henry Purcell than that of any other great composer since the Renaissance.

    有关亨利·普赛尔生平的可靠资料可能比任何其他文艺复兴以来的伟大作曲家都要少。

SYN definite, reliable, verified, cold
15 ADJ-GRADED (水质)硬的(指含钙化合物较多) Hard water contains a lot of calcium compounds that stop soap making bubbles and sometimes appear as a deposit in kettles and baths. (水质)硬的(指含钙化合物较多)
16 ADJ [ADJ n] (毒品)毒性强的,烈性的 Hard drugs are very strong illegal drugs such as heroin or cocaine. (毒品)毒性强的,烈性的
17 ADJ (语音)发硬音的 In phonetics, a hard sound is one such as 'c' or 'g' as pronounced in the words 'cat' or 'give', and not as in the words 'cinema' or 'general'. (语音)发硬音的
18 PREP-PHRASE 很近的 If one thing is hard by another, it is very close to it. 很近的 [old-fashioned]
  • Paradise Street was a short, crowded street near the railway station and hard by the factory.

    天堂街是火车站附近一条拥挤的小街道,离该工厂很近。

19 PHRASE 受到不公平待遇的;委屈的 If you feel hard done by, you feel that you have not been treated fairly. 受到不公平待遇的;委屈的 [British]
  • The hall porter was feeling hard done by at having to extend his shift.

    酒店行李搬运工因为被迫延长当班时间而愤愤不平。

20 PHRASE 困难的;艰难的 If you say that something is hard going, you mean it is difficult and requires a lot of effort. 困难的;艰难的
  • The talks had been hard going at the start.

    会谈从一开始就举步维艰。

21 PHRASE 受到沉重打击的;受严重影响的 To be hard hit by something means to be affected very severely by it. 受到沉重打击的;受严重影响的
  • California's been particularly hard hit by the recession.

    加利福尼亚受经济衰退的影响尤为严重。

22 PHRASE 佯装不感兴趣;故意摆谱 If someone plays hard to get, they pretend not to be interested in another person or in what someone is trying to persuade them to do. 佯装不感兴趣;故意摆谱
  • I wanted her and she was playing hard to get.

    我想得到她,但她却故意装出不感兴趣的样子。

23 PHRASE 十分困难的;处于困境的 If someone is hard put to do something or, in British English if they are hard pushed to do something, they have great difficulty doing it. 十分困难的;处于困境的
  • Mr Morton is undoubtedly cleverer than Mr Kirkby, but he will be hard put to match his popularity.

    莫顿先生无疑比柯克比先生更聪明,但他将很难像柯克比先生那样受人欢迎。

24 PHRASE 而非常苦恼(或难受);因而沮丧 If you take something hard, you are very upset or depressed by it. 而非常苦恼(或难受);因而沮丧
  • Maybe I just took it too hard.

    可能我真的对此事太过耿耿于怀。

Thesaurus
Thesaurushard Also look up:
ADJ.

firm, solid, tough; (ant.) gentle, soft 1

complicated, difficult, tough; (ant.) easy, simple 2

Trends of hard
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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard

adjective¹

1solid/stiff堅硬VERBS | ADVERB | PHRASES VERBSbe, feel, look, seem堅固;感覺堅固;看上去堅實;好像結實The chairs felt hard and uncomfortable.這些椅子又硬又不舒服。become, go變得堅硬;硬起來Don't leave the cake uncovered or the icing will go hard.蛋糕得蓋上,否則上面的糖霜會變硬。stay保持堅硬ADVERBextremely, fairly, very, etc.極為/頗為/非常堅硬a little, slightly, etc.有點兒/稍微有些堅硬PHRASESrock hard堅如磐石The toffee was rock hard.這種太妃糖硬得像石頭。
hard

adjective²

2difficult困難VERBS | ADVERB VERBSbe, look, seem困難;看上去費力;好像費力become, get變得艱難Life got very hard.生活變得非常艱難。make sth使⋯變得困難If you tell the children the answers, it only makes it harder for them to do the work on their own.你要是把答案告訴孩子們,只會讓他們更難獨立完成作業。find sth覺得⋯困難I found the exam quite hard.我覺得這次考試非常難。ADVERBextremely, fairly, very, etc.極其/相當/非常困難a little, slightly, etc.有點兒/略微有些困難
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
hard (hard work) difficult1 (hard to believe) difficult2 (a hard life) final (hard evidence) harsh (a hard winter) ruthless (a hard man) solid (a hard chair)
hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling worka hard / a strenuous / an arduous climba hard / an arduous / a gruelling journeya hard / gruelling / punishing schedulea hard / gruelling day hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力(或脑力)的;辛苦的It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。 hard

adverb

They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。You must try harder.你得更加努力。She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。
strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的;繁重的;奋力的Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船,船还是沉了。 strenuously

adverb

He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。
arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的;艰难的;(尤指)漫长艰巨的She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。an arduous task / process艰巨任务;艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大,但是持续的时间较短The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长,但应达到一定强度。 gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的;折磨人的a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目 punishing (of planned activities) gruelling (活动计划)艰难持久的,令人疲惫不堪的a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划,仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard
Solid, stiff or hard: solid, stiff, hard...
Not pleasant and enjoyable: unpleasant, bad, awful...
Brave and willing to take risks: brave, bold, heroic...
Cruel and unkind: cruel, unkind, evil...
Words used to describe effort: concerted, painstaking, all-out...
Words used to describe liquid: aerated, boiling, brackish...
True, definite and based on facts: true, certain, objective...
Words used to describe wet weather: rainy, showery, drizzly...

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