In addition to the uses shown below, by is used in phrasal verbs such as ‘abide by’, ‘put by’, and ‘stand by’.
除下列用法,by还可用于abide by, put by和 stand by等短语动词中。
The preposition is pronounced /baɪ/. The adverb is pronounced 'baɪ/. 用作介词时读作/baɪ/,用作副词时在句中重读。
1 PREP 由;被 If something is done
by a person or thing, that person or thing does it.
由;被 -
The feast was served by his mother and sisters.
这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
-
I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism.
他们的无礼和不专业让我震惊。
-
The town has been under attack by rebel groups for a week now.
一周来,该镇一直受到叛军的袭击。
2 PREP (图书、音乐、绘画等)由…(创作),出自 If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is
by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it.
(图书、音乐、绘画等)由…(创作),出自 -
...a painting by Van Gogh.
一幅凡·高的画
-
'Jacob's Ladder', the newest film by Adrian Lyne, is a post-Vietnam horror story.
阿德里安·莱恩的最新电影《雅各的天梯》讲的是一个发生在越战后的恐怖故事。
Usage Note :
When you are talking about the author of a book or play, the composer of a piece of music, or the painter of a painting, you say that the piece of work is by that person or is written or painted by him or her. ...three books by Michael Moorcock. ...a collection of piano pieces by Mozart. When you are talking about the person who has written you a letter or sent a message to you, you say that the letter or message is from that person. He received a message from Vito Corleone.
谈论一本书、一部戏、一首乐曲或一幅画的创作者时,用by表示:three books by Michael Moorcock(迈克尔·穆尔科克写的3本书),a collection of piano pieces by Mozart(莫扎特钢琴曲集)。谈论信件或信息的发出者时,用from表示:He received a message from Vito Corleone(他收到维托·科莱奥内捎来的信息)。
3 PREP 靠;用;凭 If you do something
by a particular means, you do it using that thing.
靠;用;凭 4 PREP [PREP v-ing] 通过,凭借(做某事) If you achieve one thing
by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing.
通过,凭借(做某事) -
Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan.
把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
-
The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world.
这艘游艇的船员为清一色的女性,她们进行了首次环球航行,创造了历史。
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By using the air ambulance to transport patients between hospitals, they can save up to £15,000 per patient.
使用空中救护车在医院间运送病人,他们为每个病人节省的费用可达15,000英镑。
5 PREP (用于短语中)由于,出于(偶然或意外) You use
by in phrases such as 'by chance' or 'by accident' to indicate whether or not an event was planned.
(用于短语中)由于,出于(偶然或意外) -
I met him by chance out walking yesterday.
我昨天外出散步时碰巧遇见了他。
-
He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake.
他不小心拆了英格丽德的信。
-
Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect.
不管是计划好的还是巧合,他对时机的把握堪称完美。
6 PREP 就(本性、职业或出身)而言 If someone is a particular type of person
by nature,
by profession, or
by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into.
就(本性、职业或出身)而言 -
I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature.
拥有一个天性仁爱的贤妻,我当然很幸运。
-
She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women.
她的职业是护士,现在开办了一个妇女咨询中心。
-
Her parents were in fact American by birth.
她的父母在血统上其实是美国人。
7 PREP 根据,按照(法律或某种标准) If something must be done
by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case
by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards.
根据,按照(法律或某种标准) 8 PREP 说(某词语或某一番话) If you say what someone means
by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to.
说(某词语或某一番话) 9 PREP (用于表示抓住身体某部位或握住物体某部分) If you hold someone or something
by a particular part of them, you hold that part.
(用于表示抓住身体某部位或握住物体某部分) -
He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around.
他抓住她的肩膀把她的身子转了过来。
-
She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor.
她被拉着胳膊带到走廊另一头的一个小房间里。
-
He picked up the photocopy by one corner and put it in his wallet.
他拈着影印件的一角把它拿起来,放进了自己的钱包。
10 PREP 在…旁边;接近 Someone or something that is
by something else is beside it and close to it.
在…旁边;接近 11 PREP 经过;经由 If a person or vehicle goes
by you, they move past you without stopping.
经过;经由 12 PREP 在(某处停留) If you stop
by a place, you visit it for a short time.
在(某处停留) 13 PREP 在…时候;到…之前;不迟于 If something happens
by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.
在…时候;到…之前;不迟于 SYN before,
prior to,
earlier than,
in advance of 14 PREP 在(白天或夜晚) If you do something
by day, you do it during the day. If you do it
by night, you do it during the night.
在(白天或夜晚) -
By day a woman could safely walk the streets, but at night the pavements became dangerous.
白天的时候,妇女可以安全地在街上行走,而到了夜晚人行道上会变得很危险。
-
She had no wish to hurry alone through the streets of London by night.
她可不想独自在夜晚匆匆走过伦敦的街道。
15 PREP (乘或除)以 In arithmetic, you use
by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum.
(乘或除)以 16 PREP 乘(表示长乘宽得出的居室等的面积) You use
by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet
by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction.
乘(表示长乘宽得出的居室等的面积) 17 PREP (表示增减的幅度) If something increases or decreases
by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost.
(表示增减的幅度) 18 PREP 以…计;按…计 Things that are made or sold
by the million or
by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities.
以…计;按…计 -
Parcels arrived by the dozen from America.
包裹成打地从美国运来。
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Liberty fabrics, both for furnishing and for dressmaking, are sold by the metre.
利伯蒂布按米出售,既可用作装饰又可作衣料。
19 PREP (表示事物的逐渐变化) You use
by in expressions such as 'minute by minute' and 'drop by drop' to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once.
(表示事物的逐渐变化) 20 PHRASE 独自;单独 If you are
by yourself, you are alone.
独自;单独 21 PHRASE 独立(完成某事) If you do something
by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you.
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